fbpx

Ethos, Logos and Pathos

Download the Math of Storytelling Infographic

Now that I’ve categorized the global genre of Malcolm Gladwell’s The Tipping Point—Big Idea Nonfiction—and the conventions and obligatory scenes generally associated with that global genre, I need to think about the foundational building blocks of Big Idea Nonfiction.

Why do I need to know the building blocks now?

Before I’ll ever be able to come up with a dynamic infographic Story Grid of The Tipping Point, I’ll need to create a Foolscap Global Story Grid and a Story Grid Spreadsheet for The Tipping Point.

By pinpointing the External Genre and the Conventions and Obligatory Scenes of that Genre, I’ve made some progress at the top of the Foolscap Global Story Grid page for The Tipping Point, but what about the Story Grid Spreadsheet?

To refresh your memory, The Story Grid Spreadsheet is the micro to the Foolscap’s macro. The Spreadsheet tracks the scene-by-scene movement while the Foolscap tracks the beginning hook, middle build, and ending payoff of a global work.

How am I gonna make these two docs jibe for Nonfiction?

The Story Grid book took a deep hard look at Thomas Harris’s masterpiece The Silence of the Lambs and put forth the notion that Scenes are the fundamental building blocks of Fiction. So by tracking the success or failure of the Scenes that make up a work of fiction, a writer can fine tune his global Story.

So what are the Scene equivalents for the Big Idea Book? What are the elements that create the Sequences, Acts, and Subplots in Nonfiction? For that matter, are there Sequences, Acts and Subplots in Nonfiction?

I think there are but I don’t want to get too far ahead of myself.

Lots of stuff to consider.

Instead of falling into a panic about all of the work I have to do, perhaps I should just think about where the Big Idea Book came from…that could help me figure out what the building blocks are. So let’s think like Marcus Aurelius…What’s the Big Idea Book’s causal nature?  Let’s break it down.

Novels have shorter forms right? There are novellas and short stories. Nonfiction must have equivalent shorter forms.  Thinking about a smaller version of a Big Idea Book will narrow my focus.

I’d say that Ph.D. dissertations (Academic) and Operating Manuals (How-To) and Extended Essays (Narrative Nonfiction) would be the medium forms of Nonfiction. And Fiction’s short story equivalents for Nonfiction would be research papers (Academic), driving directions or Ikea furniture assembly diagrams (How-To) and short short form reporting pieces like W.C Heinz’s classic “Death of a Racehorse” (Narrative Nonfiction).

But where did all of those things come from? Is there some Nonfiction form from which these all sprang forth?

I think there is. It’s one of those inevitable, but surprising reveals too.

It’s the form of the High School Thesis paper.

You remember those, right?

The 2,000 to 5,000 word, dry as dust compositions our English Lit teachers put us through in High School and our Professors put us through in College?

As you’ll recall, the structure of a thesis paper looks like this:

Thesis Paper Form

Thesis Paper Form

 

  1. Start with an Inverse pyramid, moving the statements from global to specific, and then transition into
  1. Three or more boxes of supporting evidence/data/examples and then round it out with
  1. A pyramid moving from specific to general.

That’s basically it.

Sort of like Beginning Hook, Middle Build, and Ending Payoff in fiction…

But how do you construct these three Nonfiction Beginnings, Middles and Ends? How do you make an argument? How do you persuade someone to believe you? How do you persuade them to act?

In the last post I wrote briefly about how Aristotle answered this question. He suggested that there are three forms of persuasion: ethos, logos and pathos. I think these are the three building blocks of Nonfiction Scenes.

Ethos is all about the bona fides of the arguer. Does the writer have the character and background to be someone worthy of trust? Is he principled? Does he have experience in the arena in which he writes? Is he an expert?

Logos is all about the evidence/the data/the backup material that the arguer/writer uses to support his conclusions. Because of the following data/examples/case studies, logically we can conclude…

Pathos is the writer appealing to the emotions of his audience to get them on his side, arousing readers’ anger or appealing to their self-interest or sense of identity. As you’ll surmise, employing a fiction writer’s Story techniques is crucial to being able to make this form of persuasion for a Nonfiction writer.  New Journalism’s pantheon knew how to do this as do the Tony Robbins’ and Erik Larsons of the world.

Getting readers to “like” the writer or “root” for him to succeed in his argument is another way of making a Pathos based argument. Or, on the other end of the spectrum, perhaps the writer wishes his readers to “fear” his “Oz-like” all-knowingness. In this case, the reader’s inability to understand is not the failure of the genius writer’s erudition, but of the novice reading the material. It’s kind of intellectual sado-masochism. Gore Vidal was a master of this kind of “I’m smarter than you” school.

Both “hey, we’re all in this together” and “hey, I know more than you so try and keep up” can work.

Whether they know it or not, arguers/writers confront that old Machiavellian rhetorical question Is it better to be loved or feared? with every mission statement/project they take on. The way they reveal their preference (their desire to be loved or feared) reveals itself in the their choices among these three fundamental forms of persuasion.

Do they include all three persuasion techniques in their global argument?

How well do they transition from one form of persuasion to another?

And of course, how do they execute each technique?

With this in mind, here’s my take on the building blocks of Big Idea Nonfiction…

  • Ethos Scenes (the writer/narrator takes center stage)
  • Logos Scenes (the evidence takes center stage) and
  • Pathos Scenes (an emotional appeal to the reader through Story takes center stage)

Malcolm Gladwell masterfully uses all three kinds of persuasion in The Tipping Point. And he weaves his narrative in and out of one to the other in practically invisible ways.

But that’s not what made The Tipping Point a book that people hold dear to their hearts. Nor is it what made the book a monster bestseller.

What made it both of those things is The Tipping Point‘s Internal Genre, not its External BIG IDEA BOOK Genre.

More on that next.

For new subscribers and OCD Story nerds like myself, all of the Storygridding The Tipping Point posts and The Story Grid posts are now in order on the right hand side column of the home page beneath the subscription shout-outs.

Download the Math of Storytelling Infographic


Share this Article:

🟢 Twitter🔵 Facebook🔴 Pinterest

GET 100% OFF A STORY GRID BOOK OF YOUR CHOICE
GET 100% OFF A STORY GRID BOOK OF YOUR CHOICE

Sign up below and we'll immediately send you a coupon code to get any Story Grid title - print, ebook or audiobook - for free.

(Browse all the Story Grid titles)

 

Shawn Coyne

SHAWN COYNE created, developed, and expanded the story analysis and problem-solving methodology The Story Grid throughout his quarter-century-plus book publishing career. A seasoned story editor, book publisher and ghostwriter, Coyne has also co-authored The Ones Who Hit the Hardest: The Steelers, The Cowboys, the ’70s and the Fight For America’s Soul with Chad Millman and Cognitive Dominance: A Brain Surgeon’s Quest to Out-Think Fear with Mark McLaughlin, M.D. With his friend and editorial client Steven Pressfield, Coyne runs Black Irish Entertainment LLC, publisher of the cult classic book The War of Art. With his friend and editorial client Tim Grahl, Coyne oversees the Story Grid Universe, LLC, which includes Story Grid University and Story Grid Publishing.